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THE DICTIONARY VORTARO*

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>“La Vortaro”Pilger: “BER”Bick: “Esperanto-dansk”>

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Concise grammar

Correlatives

Question and answer words are linked in a separate system. It consists of five beginnings and nine endings which can be combined in many ways.

Beginning Short clarification
ki- [what]
ti- [that]
i- [some]
ĉi- [every]
neni- [no]
Ending Short clarification
-o thing
-u one, or person
-a kind of, sort of
-el manner, in ... way
-e place
-am time
-om quantity (amount)
-al reason, for ... reason
-es one's, person's

Together they form a table:

kio - what, what thing tio - that, that thing io - something, anything ĉio - everything, all things nenio - nothing
kiu - who, which one tiu - that person, that one iu - someone, somebody ĉiu - everyone, everybody neniu - no one, nobody
kia - what kind of, what (a) tia - that kind of, such a ia - some kind of, any kind of ĉia - every kind of, all kinds of nenia - no kind of
kiel - how, in what way tiel - that way, thus, like that, so iel - somehow, in some way ĉiel - in every way neniel - in no way
kie - where, in what place tie - there, in that place ie - somewhere, anywhere, in some place ĉie - everywhere, in every place nenie - nowhere, in no place
kiam - when, at what time tiam - then, at that time iam - sometime, anytime, ever ĉiam - always, at all times neniam - never, at no time, not ever
kiom - how much, how many, what quantity tiom - so much, as many, that quantity iom - some, some quantity ĉiom - the whole quantity, all of it neniom - not a bit, none, no quantity
kial - why tial - for that reason ial - for some reason ĉial - for every reason nenial - for no reason
kies - whose ties - that one's ies - someone's ĉies - everyone's nenies - no one's


Ĉi

The word ĉi expresses closeness and is used with the ti- and ĉi-words, either before or after them.
tie ĉi / ĉi tie - here
tiu ĉi / ĉi tiu - this one
ĉio ĉi / ĉi ĉio - all of this

Ajn

The word ajn means '...ever':
kiam ajn - whenever
kiu ajn - whoever

Relative words

The ki-words are also used as relative (interrelational) words.
Tio, kion li diris, estas bona. - that, which he said is good
La knabino, kiu staras tie. - the girl, who stands there
Ĝi estas granda kiel domo. - it is large like a house

More detailed explanations

Read here.

Exercises

Level 1, Level 2, Level 3